Nigeria transportation system since independence: How far, how well?

By Thomas Alade Omisore

Nigeria, Africa’s most populous nation and one of its largest economies, has undergone significant changes in its transportation system since it gained independence from British colonial rule in 1960.

Acknowledging the critical role transportation plays in economic development, social integration, and national unity, Nigeria has witnessed various transformations in its transport infrastructure and services.

However, these developments have been accompanied by numerous challenges. This article seeks to explore the evolution of Nigeria’s transportation system since independence, assessing how far it has come and how well it has performed.

Historical Context
Upon gaining independence, Nigeria inherited a transportation framework primarily aimed at supporting colonial interests, focusing on the movement of raw materials to ports for export.

The country’s transportation network was unevenly developed, with certain regions (notably the southern areas where ports were located) having far superior infrastructure compared to the northern parts.

Nigeria’s foundational transportation modes included roads, railways, aviation, and waterways, each with varying levels of investment, development, and maintenance.

Road Transport
Road transport has been the dominant mode of transportation in Nigeria since independence, and it remains crucial for the movement of goods and people. By the 1970s and 1980s, Nigeria had an extensive network of roads, but the rapid population growth and urbanization led to increased traffic congestion and road deterioration.

Poor maintenance, coupled with inadequate investment, resulted in many highways falling into disrepair, significantly impacting travel times and safety.

In recent years, however, the government has invested in road rehabilitation initiatives through various funding mechanisms, including public-private partnerships.

The construction of new highways and the expansion of existing roads have contributed to easing congestion, although challenges persist, such as the prevalence of potholes and corrupt practices in road contracts.

Rail Transport
Rail transport in Nigeria has a storied history, with the colonial government constructing the first railway lines in the early 1900s.

However, after independence, the rail sector suffered from neglect and underinvestment, leading to operational inefficiencies and a decline in usage. By the 1980s, Nigeria’s rail service was largely in disrepair, with outdated locomotives and insufficient routes.

In an effort to revamp the rail system, the Nigerian government launched a series of reforms in the 21st century. The completion of modern rail lines, such as the Abuja-Kaduna line and the Lagos-Ibadan route, represents significant progress.

These developments have improved freight movement and passenger travel, although the challenge of maintaining old infrastructure remains a significant concern.

Aviation
The aviation sector in Nigeria has experienced substantial growth since independence, becoming one of the fastest-growing aviation markets in Africa.

The establishment of national carriers and various private airlines has resulted in increased domestic and international flights. The government’s focus on upgrading airport facilities, improving safety standards, and enhancing regulatory frameworks has also been noteworthy.

Despite these advances, the aviation sector still faces challenges, including high operating costs, airline mismanagement, and safety concerns.

Additionally, the impact of global events like the COVID-19 pandemic revealed the vulnerability of the industry. As the sector recovers, there is an urgent need for policies that support sustainability and competitiveness.

Water Transportation
Water transportation has not fulfilled its potential in Nigeria, despite the country’s vast coastline and navigable rivers. Historically essential for trade and movement, the sector suffered from underinvestment and infrastructural challenges.

Ports, particularly the Apapa Ports in Lagos, have been plagued by congestion, inefficiency, and inadequate facilities. Recent efforts to modernize port operations and push for the development of river transport and alternative ports reflect a growing recognition of their significance in alleviating road congestion and enhancing trade flow.

Challenges and Opportunities
While there have been noteworthy achievements in Nigeria’s transportation system, numerous challenges remain. These challenges include corruption in procurement processes, inconsistent policy direction, security concerns (particularly the impact of banditry and kidnappings on road and rail travel), inadequate funding, and the effects of climate change.

However, opportunities abound. The growing interest from private investors, advancements in technology, and international partnerships present avenues for significant improvements.

The ongoing efforts to integrate transportation services and enhance multimodal infrastructure can lead to a more efficient and sustainable transportation system.

Conclusion
Since independence, Nigeria’s transportation system has traversed a long path characterized by both promise and setbacks. While significant strides have been made in modernizing infrastructure and expanding services, systemic issues and challenges remain prevalent.

As the country confronts the demands of a growing population and evolving economic landscape, a comprehensive and integrated transportation policy is essential for ensuring sustainable growth and development.

The future of Nigeria’s transportation system hinges on collaborative efforts, innovative financing, and commitment to overcoming existing obstacles to achieve a reliable and efficient transportation network for all.

Omisore writes from Lagos, Nigeria